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The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in
the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists
of texts. In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity subsequently added various
writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of
accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the fourth century a series
of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39-to-46-book canon of the Old
Testament and to the 27-book canon of the New Testament that would be
subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in AD 393. Also c.
400, Jerome produced a definitive Latin edition of the Bible (see Vulgate), the
canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier
Synods. With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process
effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other
canonical lists in use after this time. A definitive list did not come from an
Ecumenical Council until the Council of Trent (1545–63).[27]
During the Protestant Reformation, certain reformers proposed different
canonical lists than what was currently in use. Though not without debate, see
Antilegomena, the list of New Testament books would come to remain the same;
however, the Old Testament texts present in the Septuagint, but not included in
the Jewish canon, fell out of favor. In time they would come to be removed from
most Protestant canons. Hence, in a Catholic context these texts are referred to
as deuterocanonical books, whereas in a Protestant context they are referred to
as Apocrypha, the label applied to all texts excluded from the biblical canon
which were in the Septuagint. It should also be noted, that Catholics and
Protestants both describe certain other books, such as the Acts of Peter, as
apocryphal.
Thus, the Protestant Old Testament of today has a 39-book canon—the number
varies from that of the books in the Tanakh (though not in content) because of a
different method of division—while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books
as part of the canonical Old Testament. The term "Hebrew Scriptures" is only
synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, not the Catholic, which contains
the Hebrew Scriptures and additional texts. Both Catholics and Protestants have
the same 27-book New Testament Canon.
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